Membership Application Program Analyst - Member Supervision - Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
New York, NY 10001
About the Job
This is an exciting opportunity to join our Membership Application Program (MAP)
MAP is a vital program within Member Supervision, supporting FINRA’s overall regulatory mission of investor protection and market integrity
MAP serves as the entry point to the broker dealer industry
Any person or entity that would like to become a broker dealer, or any existing member that would like to materially expand, needs to apply to the MAP group
The MAP team works within rule-mandated deadlines to review and analyze each application to ensure that the applicant meets the Standards for Admission before approval is granted.We have various levels of MAP Analyst positions open
See below and apply to be considered.Senior Analyst, MAP (Grade 45)Essential Job Functions:Lead or participate in, and provide guidance and advice with regard to files received by MAP, including complex/novel/unique or high risk applications
The Senior Analyst possesses a proficient level of knowledge of relevant rules, regulations, guidelines and industry practices.Proactively identify and strategize recommendation regarding notable trends in industry practices, products and procedures.Ensure regulatory programs serve departmental goals and FINRA’s mission in an efficient and effective manner.Demonstrate advanced critical thinking, issue spotting, critical thinking, interviewing, research and quantitative skills.Possess a proficient level of knowledge of securities products, activities of member firms and the industry.Assist other Analysts with the analysis applications including those that are complex or novel.Ensures that applications and other matters are executed efficiently, with high quality, and in a timely manner as mandated by the department and/or rules.Actively lead and participate in meetings with firms with moderate supervision and guidance.Proactively identify ideas for in-house training.Education/Experience Requirements:Bachelor’s degree or an equivalent combination of education and experience required.Proficient level of knowledge of business conduct risk and industry practices, securities industry rules, regulations and best practices required.Demonstrate proficient knowledge of risk analysis and proactive risk identification
Possess strong analytical skills.Excellent oral and written communication skills.Possess excellent time management skills.Minimum of three years of securities, compliance or financial regulatory experience.Exemplify the FINRA Leadership Characteristics and serve as a role model for staff in the department.Work Conditions:Extended hours may be required
Work expectations include timely and high quality productivity.For work that is performed in CA, CO, New York, NY and WA, the chart below outlines the proposed salary range for the corresponding location
In addition to location, actual compensation is based on various factors, including but not limited to, the candidate’s skill set, level of experience, education, and internal peer compensation comparisons.California: Minimum Salary $73,000, Maximum Salary $141,900Colorado: Minimum Salary $66,200, Maximum Salary $118,200New York, NY: Minimum Salary $79,400, Maximum Salary $141,900Washington: Minimum Salary $66,200, Maximum Salary $136,000Associate Principal Analyst, MAP (Grade 46)Essential Job Functions:Lead or participate in, and provide guidance and advice with regard to files received by MAP, including complex/novel/unique or high risk applications
The Associate Principal Analyst possesses a proficient level of knowledge of relevant rules, regulations, guidelines and industry practices
Proactively identify notable trends in industry practices, products and procedures.Ensure regulatory programs serve departmental goals and FINRA’s mission in an efficient and effective manner.Demonstrate proficient issue spotting, strong critical thinking, interviewing, research and quantitative skills.Possess a proficient level of knowledge of securities products, activities of member firms and the industry.Assist other Analysts with the analysis of applications that may be complex/novel/unique/high risk.Ensures that applications and other matters are executed efficiently, with high quality, and in a timely manner.Actively lead and participate in meetings with member firms with minimal supervision.Proactively identify ideas for in-house training.Participate in developing course content and advising the Member Regulation Training unit on technical accuracy of classroom material.Serve as a mentor and coach to other staff.Moderate and/or present subject matter material at internal meeting and conferences including, new Analysts trainings or other FINRA training programs.Participate in Peer and/or Quality Reviews for the district, regional or national program.Education/Experience Requirements:Bachelor’s degree or an equivalent combination of education and experience required
Proficient level of knowledge of business conduct risk and industry practices, securities industry rules, regulations and best practices required.Demonstrate proficient knowledge of risk analysis and proactive risk identification
Possess strong analytical skills.Demonstrate a track record in developing appropriate regulatory responses and/or processes for managing risks.Work ConditionsExtended hours may be required
Work expectations include timely and high-quality productivity.Excellent oral and written communication and presentation skills.Possess excellent time management skills.Minimum of five years of securities, compliance or financial regulatory experience.Exemplify the FINRA Leadership Characteristics and serve as a role model for staff in the department.For work that is performed in CA, Washington, DC, CO, HI, New York, NY and WA, the chart below outlines the proposed salary range for the corresponding location
In addition to location, actual compensation is based on various factors, including but not limited to, the candidate’s skill set, level of experience, education, and internal peer compensation comparisons.California: Minimum of $84,500, Maximum of $165,100Washington, DC: Minimum of $88,400, Maximum of $158,200Colorado/Hawaii: Minimum of $76,800, Maximum of $137,500New York, NY: Minimum of $92,200, Maximum of $165,100Washington St: Minimum of $76,800, Maximum of $158,200Principal Analyst, MAP - (Grade 47)Essential Job Functions:Lead or participate in, and provide guidance and advice with regard to files received by MAP, including complex/novel/unique or high risk applications
The Associate Principal Analyst possesses a proficient level of knowledge of relevant rules, regulations, guidelines and industry practices.Proactively identify notable trends in industry practices, products and procedures.Ensure regulatory programs serve departmental goals and FINRA’s mission in an efficient and effective manner.Demonstrate proficient issue spotting, strong critical thinking, interviewing, research and quantitative skills.Possess a proficient level of knowledge of securities products, activities of member firms and the industry.Assist other Analysts with the analysis of applications that may be complex/novel/unique/high risk.Ensures that applications and other matters are executed efficiently, with high quality, and in a timely manner.Actively lead and participate in meetings with member firms with minimal supervision.Proactively identify ideas for in-house training.Participate in developing course content and advising the Member Regulation Training unit on technical accuracy of classroom material.Serve as a mentor and coach to other staff.Moderate and/or present subject matter material at internal meeting and conferences including, new Analysts trainings or other FINRA training programs.Participate in Peer and/or Quality Reviews for the district, regional or national program.Education/Experience Requirements:Bachelor’s degree or an equivalent combination of education and experience requiredHighly proficient level of knowledge of business conduct risk and industry practices, securities industry rules, regulations and best practices required.Demonstrate highly proficient knowledge of risk analysis and proactive risk identification. Possess strong analytical skills.Demonstrate a track record in developing appropriate regulatory responses and/or processes for managing risks.Excellent oral and written communication and presentation skills.Possess excellent time management skills.Minimum of six years of securities, compliance or financial regulatory experience.Exemplify the FINRA Leadership Characteristics and serve as a role model for staff in the department.Work Conditions:Extended hours may be required. Work expectations include timely and high-quality productivity.For work that is performed in CA, CO, New York, NY and WA, the chart below outlines the proposed salary range for the corresponding location
In addition to location, actual compensation is based on various factors, including but not limited to, the candidate’s skill set, level of experience, education, and internal peer compensation comparisons.California: Minimum Salary $98,400, Maximum Salary $193,400Colorado: Minimum Salary $89,400, Maximum Salary $161,200New York, NY: Minimum Salary $107,200 Maximum Salary $193,400Washington: Minimum Salary $89,400, Maximum Salary $185,300Other ResponsibilitiesEducation/ExperienceBachelor’s degree or an equivalent combination of education and experience required
Finance, Business Administration, Economics or related field preferred; advanced degree/ certifications a plus.Proficient level of knowledge of business conduct risk and industry practices, securities industry rules, regulations and best practices required.Demonstrate proficient knowledge of risk analysis and proactive risk identification
Possess strong analytical skills.Demonstrate a track record in developing appropriate regulatory responses and/or processes for managing risks.Excellent oral and written communication and presentation skills.Possess excellent time management skills.Minimum of five years of securities, compliance or financial regulatory experience.Exemplify the FINRA Leadership Characteristics and serve as a role model for staff in the department.Work ConditionsWork is normally performed in an hybrid environment at FINRA, Extended hours are frequently required
Work expectations include timely and high quality productivity.#LI-DNITo be considered for this position, please submit an application
Applications are accepted on an ongoing basis.The information provided above has been designed to indicate the general nature and level of work of the position
It is not a comprehensive inventory of all duties, responsibilities and qualifications required.Please note: If the “Apply Now” button on a job board posting does not take you directly to the FINRA Careers site, enter www.finra.org/careers into your browser to reach our site directly.FINRA strives to make our career site accessible to all users
If you need a disability-related accommodation for completing the application process, please contact FINRA's Employee Relations team at
FINRA provides comprehensive health, dental and vision insurance. Additional insurance includes basic life, accidental death and dismemberment, supplemental life, spouse/domestic partner and dependent life, and spouse/domestic partner and dependent accidental death and dismemberment, short- and long-term disability, long-term care, business travel accident, disability and legal. FINRA offers immediate participation and vesting in a 401(k) plan with company match and eligibility for participation in an additional FINRA-funded retirement contribution, tuition reimbursement and many other benefits. Time Off and Paid Leave*FINRA encourages its employees to focus on their health and wellness in many ways, including through a generous time-off program of 15 days of paid time off, 5 personal days and 9 sick days (all pro-rated in the first year)
Additionally, we are proud to support our communities by providing two volunteer service days (based on full-time schedule)
Other paid leave includes military leave, jury duty leave, bereavement leave, voting and election official leave for federal, state or local primary and general elections, care of a family member leave (available after 90 days of employment); and childbirth and parental leave (available after 90 days of employment)
Full-time employees receive nine paid holidays.*Based on full-time scheduleImportant InformationFINRA’s Code of Conduct imposes restrictions on employees’ investments and requires financial disclosures that are uniquely related to our role as a securities regulator
FINRA employees are required to disclose to FINRA all brokerage accounts that they maintain, and those in which they control trading or have a financial interest (including any trust account of which they are a trustee or beneficiary and all accounts of a spouse, domestic partner or minor child who lives with the employee) and to authorize their broker-dealers to provide FINRA with duplicate statements for all of those accounts
All of those accounts are subject to the Code’s investment and securities account restrictions, and new employees must comply with those investment restrictions—including disposing of any security issued by a company on FINRA’s Prohibited Company List or obtaining a written waiver from their Executive Vice President—by the date they begin employment with FINRA
Employees may only maintain securities accounts that must be disclosed to FINRA at one or more securities firms that provide an electronic feed (e-feed) of data to FINRA, and must move securities accounts from other securities firms to a firm that provides an e-feed within three months of beginning employment.You can read more about these restrictions here.As standard practice, employees must also execute FINRA’s Employee Confidentiality and Invention Assignment Agreement without qualification or modification and comply with the company’s policy on nepotism.Search Firm RepresentativesPlease be advised that FINRA is not seeking assistance or accepting unsolicited resumes from search firms for this employment opportunity
Regardless of past practice, a valid written agreement and task order must be in place before any resumes are submitted to FINRA
All resumes submitted by search firms to any employee at FINRA without a valid written agreement and task order in place will be deemed the sole property of FINRA and no fee will be paid in the event that person is hired by FINRA.FINRA is an Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action EmployerAll qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to age, citizenship status, color, disability, marital status, national origin, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, veteran status or any other classification protected by federal state or local laws as appropriate, or upon the protected status of the person’s relatives, friends or associates.FINRA abides by the requirements of 41 CFR 60-741.5(a)
This regulation prohibits discrimination against qualified individuals on the basis of disability, and requires affirmative action by covered prime contractors and subcontractors to employ and advance in employment qualified individuals with disabilities.FINRA abides by the requirements of 41 CFR 60-300.5(a)
This regulation prohibits discrimination against qualified protected veterans, and requires affirmative action by covered prime contractors and subcontractors to employ and advance in employment qualified protected veterans.2020 FINRA
All rights reserved
FINRA is a registered trademark of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.SummaryLocation: Rockville, MD (Job Posting); Kansas City, MO (Job Posting); Jersey City, NJ (Job Posting); Jericho, NY (Job Posting); Denver, CO (Job Posting); Dallas, TX (Job Posting); Boston, MA (Job Posting); Boca Raton, FL (Job Posting); Woodbridge, NJ (Job Posting); San Francisco, CA (Job Posting); Philadelphia, PA (Job Posting); New York, NY (Job Posting); Los Angeles, CA (Job Posting)Type: Full time
MAP is a vital program within Member Supervision, supporting FINRA’s overall regulatory mission of investor protection and market integrity
MAP serves as the entry point to the broker dealer industry
Any person or entity that would like to become a broker dealer, or any existing member that would like to materially expand, needs to apply to the MAP group
The MAP team works within rule-mandated deadlines to review and analyze each application to ensure that the applicant meets the Standards for Admission before approval is granted.We have various levels of MAP Analyst positions open
See below and apply to be considered.Senior Analyst, MAP (Grade 45)Essential Job Functions:Lead or participate in, and provide guidance and advice with regard to files received by MAP, including complex/novel/unique or high risk applications
The Senior Analyst possesses a proficient level of knowledge of relevant rules, regulations, guidelines and industry practices.Proactively identify and strategize recommendation regarding notable trends in industry practices, products and procedures.Ensure regulatory programs serve departmental goals and FINRA’s mission in an efficient and effective manner.Demonstrate advanced critical thinking, issue spotting, critical thinking, interviewing, research and quantitative skills.Possess a proficient level of knowledge of securities products, activities of member firms and the industry.Assist other Analysts with the analysis applications including those that are complex or novel.Ensures that applications and other matters are executed efficiently, with high quality, and in a timely manner as mandated by the department and/or rules.Actively lead and participate in meetings with firms with moderate supervision and guidance.Proactively identify ideas for in-house training.Education/Experience Requirements:Bachelor’s degree or an equivalent combination of education and experience required.Proficient level of knowledge of business conduct risk and industry practices, securities industry rules, regulations and best practices required.Demonstrate proficient knowledge of risk analysis and proactive risk identification
Possess strong analytical skills.Excellent oral and written communication skills.Possess excellent time management skills.Minimum of three years of securities, compliance or financial regulatory experience.Exemplify the FINRA Leadership Characteristics and serve as a role model for staff in the department.Work Conditions:Extended hours may be required
Work expectations include timely and high quality productivity.For work that is performed in CA, CO, New York, NY and WA, the chart below outlines the proposed salary range for the corresponding location
In addition to location, actual compensation is based on various factors, including but not limited to, the candidate’s skill set, level of experience, education, and internal peer compensation comparisons.California: Minimum Salary $73,000, Maximum Salary $141,900Colorado: Minimum Salary $66,200, Maximum Salary $118,200New York, NY: Minimum Salary $79,400, Maximum Salary $141,900Washington: Minimum Salary $66,200, Maximum Salary $136,000Associate Principal Analyst, MAP (Grade 46)Essential Job Functions:Lead or participate in, and provide guidance and advice with regard to files received by MAP, including complex/novel/unique or high risk applications
The Associate Principal Analyst possesses a proficient level of knowledge of relevant rules, regulations, guidelines and industry practices
Proactively identify notable trends in industry practices, products and procedures.Ensure regulatory programs serve departmental goals and FINRA’s mission in an efficient and effective manner.Demonstrate proficient issue spotting, strong critical thinking, interviewing, research and quantitative skills.Possess a proficient level of knowledge of securities products, activities of member firms and the industry.Assist other Analysts with the analysis of applications that may be complex/novel/unique/high risk.Ensures that applications and other matters are executed efficiently, with high quality, and in a timely manner.Actively lead and participate in meetings with member firms with minimal supervision.Proactively identify ideas for in-house training.Participate in developing course content and advising the Member Regulation Training unit on technical accuracy of classroom material.Serve as a mentor and coach to other staff.Moderate and/or present subject matter material at internal meeting and conferences including, new Analysts trainings or other FINRA training programs.Participate in Peer and/or Quality Reviews for the district, regional or national program.Education/Experience Requirements:Bachelor’s degree or an equivalent combination of education and experience required
Proficient level of knowledge of business conduct risk and industry practices, securities industry rules, regulations and best practices required.Demonstrate proficient knowledge of risk analysis and proactive risk identification
Possess strong analytical skills.Demonstrate a track record in developing appropriate regulatory responses and/or processes for managing risks.Work ConditionsExtended hours may be required
Work expectations include timely and high-quality productivity.Excellent oral and written communication and presentation skills.Possess excellent time management skills.Minimum of five years of securities, compliance or financial regulatory experience.Exemplify the FINRA Leadership Characteristics and serve as a role model for staff in the department.For work that is performed in CA, Washington, DC, CO, HI, New York, NY and WA, the chart below outlines the proposed salary range for the corresponding location
In addition to location, actual compensation is based on various factors, including but not limited to, the candidate’s skill set, level of experience, education, and internal peer compensation comparisons.California: Minimum of $84,500, Maximum of $165,100Washington, DC: Minimum of $88,400, Maximum of $158,200Colorado/Hawaii: Minimum of $76,800, Maximum of $137,500New York, NY: Minimum of $92,200, Maximum of $165,100Washington St: Minimum of $76,800, Maximum of $158,200Principal Analyst, MAP - (Grade 47)Essential Job Functions:Lead or participate in, and provide guidance and advice with regard to files received by MAP, including complex/novel/unique or high risk applications
The Associate Principal Analyst possesses a proficient level of knowledge of relevant rules, regulations, guidelines and industry practices.Proactively identify notable trends in industry practices, products and procedures.Ensure regulatory programs serve departmental goals and FINRA’s mission in an efficient and effective manner.Demonstrate proficient issue spotting, strong critical thinking, interviewing, research and quantitative skills.Possess a proficient level of knowledge of securities products, activities of member firms and the industry.Assist other Analysts with the analysis of applications that may be complex/novel/unique/high risk.Ensures that applications and other matters are executed efficiently, with high quality, and in a timely manner.Actively lead and participate in meetings with member firms with minimal supervision.Proactively identify ideas for in-house training.Participate in developing course content and advising the Member Regulation Training unit on technical accuracy of classroom material.Serve as a mentor and coach to other staff.Moderate and/or present subject matter material at internal meeting and conferences including, new Analysts trainings or other FINRA training programs.Participate in Peer and/or Quality Reviews for the district, regional or national program.Education/Experience Requirements:Bachelor’s degree or an equivalent combination of education and experience requiredHighly proficient level of knowledge of business conduct risk and industry practices, securities industry rules, regulations and best practices required.Demonstrate highly proficient knowledge of risk analysis and proactive risk identification. Possess strong analytical skills.Demonstrate a track record in developing appropriate regulatory responses and/or processes for managing risks.Excellent oral and written communication and presentation skills.Possess excellent time management skills.Minimum of six years of securities, compliance or financial regulatory experience.Exemplify the FINRA Leadership Characteristics and serve as a role model for staff in the department.Work Conditions:Extended hours may be required. Work expectations include timely and high-quality productivity.For work that is performed in CA, CO, New York, NY and WA, the chart below outlines the proposed salary range for the corresponding location
In addition to location, actual compensation is based on various factors, including but not limited to, the candidate’s skill set, level of experience, education, and internal peer compensation comparisons.California: Minimum Salary $98,400, Maximum Salary $193,400Colorado: Minimum Salary $89,400, Maximum Salary $161,200New York, NY: Minimum Salary $107,200 Maximum Salary $193,400Washington: Minimum Salary $89,400, Maximum Salary $185,300Other ResponsibilitiesEducation/ExperienceBachelor’s degree or an equivalent combination of education and experience required
Finance, Business Administration, Economics or related field preferred; advanced degree/ certifications a plus.Proficient level of knowledge of business conduct risk and industry practices, securities industry rules, regulations and best practices required.Demonstrate proficient knowledge of risk analysis and proactive risk identification
Possess strong analytical skills.Demonstrate a track record in developing appropriate regulatory responses and/or processes for managing risks.Excellent oral and written communication and presentation skills.Possess excellent time management skills.Minimum of five years of securities, compliance or financial regulatory experience.Exemplify the FINRA Leadership Characteristics and serve as a role model for staff in the department.Work ConditionsWork is normally performed in an hybrid environment at FINRA, Extended hours are frequently required
Work expectations include timely and high quality productivity.#LI-DNITo be considered for this position, please submit an application
Applications are accepted on an ongoing basis.The information provided above has been designed to indicate the general nature and level of work of the position
It is not a comprehensive inventory of all duties, responsibilities and qualifications required.Please note: If the “Apply Now” button on a job board posting does not take you directly to the FINRA Careers site, enter www.finra.org/careers into your browser to reach our site directly.FINRA strives to make our career site accessible to all users
If you need a disability-related accommodation for completing the application process, please contact FINRA's Employee Relations team at
240.386.4865
or by email at EmployeeRelations@finra.org
. Please note that this process is exclusively for inquiries regarding application accommodations. Employees may be eligible for a discretionary bonus in addition to base payFINRA provides comprehensive health, dental and vision insurance. Additional insurance includes basic life, accidental death and dismemberment, supplemental life, spouse/domestic partner and dependent life, and spouse/domestic partner and dependent accidental death and dismemberment, short- and long-term disability, long-term care, business travel accident, disability and legal. FINRA offers immediate participation and vesting in a 401(k) plan with company match and eligibility for participation in an additional FINRA-funded retirement contribution, tuition reimbursement and many other benefits. Time Off and Paid Leave*FINRA encourages its employees to focus on their health and wellness in many ways, including through a generous time-off program of 15 days of paid time off, 5 personal days and 9 sick days (all pro-rated in the first year)
Additionally, we are proud to support our communities by providing two volunteer service days (based on full-time schedule)
Other paid leave includes military leave, jury duty leave, bereavement leave, voting and election official leave for federal, state or local primary and general elections, care of a family member leave (available after 90 days of employment); and childbirth and parental leave (available after 90 days of employment)
Full-time employees receive nine paid holidays.*Based on full-time scheduleImportant InformationFINRA’s Code of Conduct imposes restrictions on employees’ investments and requires financial disclosures that are uniquely related to our role as a securities regulator
FINRA employees are required to disclose to FINRA all brokerage accounts that they maintain, and those in which they control trading or have a financial interest (including any trust account of which they are a trustee or beneficiary and all accounts of a spouse, domestic partner or minor child who lives with the employee) and to authorize their broker-dealers to provide FINRA with duplicate statements for all of those accounts
All of those accounts are subject to the Code’s investment and securities account restrictions, and new employees must comply with those investment restrictions—including disposing of any security issued by a company on FINRA’s Prohibited Company List or obtaining a written waiver from their Executive Vice President—by the date they begin employment with FINRA
Employees may only maintain securities accounts that must be disclosed to FINRA at one or more securities firms that provide an electronic feed (e-feed) of data to FINRA, and must move securities accounts from other securities firms to a firm that provides an e-feed within three months of beginning employment.You can read more about these restrictions here.As standard practice, employees must also execute FINRA’s Employee Confidentiality and Invention Assignment Agreement without qualification or modification and comply with the company’s policy on nepotism.Search Firm RepresentativesPlease be advised that FINRA is not seeking assistance or accepting unsolicited resumes from search firms for this employment opportunity
Regardless of past practice, a valid written agreement and task order must be in place before any resumes are submitted to FINRA
All resumes submitted by search firms to any employee at FINRA without a valid written agreement and task order in place will be deemed the sole property of FINRA and no fee will be paid in the event that person is hired by FINRA.FINRA is an Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action EmployerAll qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to age, citizenship status, color, disability, marital status, national origin, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, veteran status or any other classification protected by federal state or local laws as appropriate, or upon the protected status of the person’s relatives, friends or associates.FINRA abides by the requirements of 41 CFR 60-741.5(a)
This regulation prohibits discrimination against qualified individuals on the basis of disability, and requires affirmative action by covered prime contractors and subcontractors to employ and advance in employment qualified individuals with disabilities.FINRA abides by the requirements of 41 CFR 60-300.5(a)
This regulation prohibits discrimination against qualified protected veterans, and requires affirmative action by covered prime contractors and subcontractors to employ and advance in employment qualified protected veterans.2020 FINRA
All rights reserved
FINRA is a registered trademark of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.SummaryLocation: Rockville, MD (Job Posting); Kansas City, MO (Job Posting); Jersey City, NJ (Job Posting); Jericho, NY (Job Posting); Denver, CO (Job Posting); Dallas, TX (Job Posting); Boston, MA (Job Posting); Boca Raton, FL (Job Posting); Woodbridge, NJ (Job Posting); San Francisco, CA (Job Posting); Philadelphia, PA (Job Posting); New York, NY (Job Posting); Los Angeles, CA (Job Posting)Type: Full time
Source : Financial Industry Regulatory Authority